Digital Business Ecosystem: A Crucial Foundation for Competitive Advantage

In the 1990s, the terms “conglomerate” and “conglomeration” were very popular in Indonesia. Despite the prevailing public perception that conglomerates were necessarily wealthy, one question often arose: why were they so persistent in building such massive business empires?

These conglomerates were indeed very entrepreneurial. They were always looking for opportunities. In various situations, they always sought loopholes and exploited even the smallest opportunities to create value across their businesses. Sometimes, even when no opportunities existed, they managed to create their own through innovative means.

They were people who dared to take calculated risks. Some of them might even venture into speculation, and indeed, not all of them managed to escape their own speculative traps. Not only speculation, but even carefully calculated ventures sometimes failed due to various unforeseen factors beyond their control.

These conglomerates were also highly skilled at building strong networks. Remarkably, these were not mere networks, but networks that truly worked. And that is the essence. A network is useless if it doesn’t work and